Carapetis JR, Dadi AF. International, regional, and nationwide incidence, prevalence, and years lived with incapacity for 328 ailments and accidents for 195 international locations, 1990–2016: a scientific evaluation for the International burden of illness examine 2016. Lancet. 2017;390:1211–59.
James SL, Abate D, Abate KH, Abay SM, Abbafati C, Abbasi N, Abbastabar H, Abd-Allah F, Abdela J, Abdelalim A, Abdollahpour I. International, regional, and nationwide incidence, prevalence, and years lived with incapacity for 354 ailments and accidents for 195 international locations and territories, 1990–2017: a scientific evaluation for the International Burden of Illness Examine 2017. Lancet. 2018;392:1789–858.
Francisco V, Pino J, González-Homosexual M, Lago F, Karppinen J, Tervonen O, Mobasheri A, Gualillo O. A brand new immunometabolic perspective of intervertebral disc degeneration. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2022;18:47–60.
Ruiz-Fernández C, Francisco V, Pino J, Mera A, González-Homosexual MA, Gómez R, Lago F, Gualillo O. Molecular relationships amongst weight problems, irritation and intervertebral disc degeneration: are adipokines the widespread hyperlink? Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:2030.
Karademir M, Eser O, Karavelioglu E. Adolescent lumbar disc herniation: Affect, analysis, and remedy. J Again Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2017;30:347–52.
Pietilä TA, Stendel R, Kombos T, Ramsbacher J, Schulte T, Brock M. Lumbar disc herniation in sufferers as much as 25 years of age. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2001;41:340–4.
Lee JY, Ernestus RI, Schröder R, Klug N. Histological examine of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation in adolescents. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2000;142:1107–10.
MacLean JJ, Lee CR, Grad S, Ito Okay, Alini M, Iatridis JC. Results of immobilization and dynamic compression on intervertebral disc cell gene expression in vivo. Backbone (Phila Pa 1976). 2003;28:973–81.
Takada T, Nishida Okay, Maeno Okay, Kakutani Okay, Yurube T, Doita M, Kurosaka M. Intervertebral disc and macrophage interplay induces mechanical hyperalgesia and cytokine manufacturing in a herniated disc mannequin in rats. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:2601–10.
Wang J, Tian Y, Phillips KL, Chiverton N, Haddock G, Bunning RA, Cross AK, Shapiro IM, Le Maitre CL, Risbud MV. Tumor necrosis issue α- and interleukin-1β-dependent induction of CCL3 expression by nucleus pulposus cells promotes macrophage migration by CCR1. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:832–42.
Nerlich AG, Weiler C, Zipperer J, Narozny M, Boos N. Immunolocalization of phagocytic cells in regular and degenerated intervertebral discs. Backbone. 2002;27:2484–90.
Sica A, Mantovani A. Macrophage plasticity and polarization: in vivo veritas. J Clin Make investments. 2012;122:787–95.
Ni L, Zheng Y, Gong T, Xiu C, Li Okay, Saijilafu, Li B, Yang H, Chen J. Proinflammatory macrophages promote degenerative phenotypes in rat nucleus pulpous cells partly by ERK and JNK signaling. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234:5362–71.
Dou X, Luo Q, Xie L, Zhou X, Tune C, Liu M, Liu X, Ma Y, Liu X. Medical Prospect of melatonin within the intervertebral disc degeneration by inhibiting M1-type macrophage polarization by way of SIRT1/notch signaling pathway. Biomedicines. 2023;11:1615.
Zhao F, Guo Z, Hou F, Fan W, Wu B, Qian Z. Magnoflorine alleviates “M1” polarized macrophage-induced intervertebral disc degeneration by repressing the HMGB1/Myd88/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome. Entrance Pharmacol. 2021;12: 701087.
Cocucci E, Meldolesi J. Ectosomes and exosomes: shedding the confusion between extracellular vesicles. Tendencies Cell Biol. 2015;25:364–72.
Simons M, Raposo G. Exosomes–vesicular carriers for intercellular communication. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2009;21:575–81.
Meng QF, Tai W, Tian M, Zhuang X, Pan Y, Lai J, Xu Y, Xu Z, Li M, Zhao G, et al. Inhalation supply of dexamethasone with iSEND nanoparticles attenuates the COVID-19 cytokine storm in mice and nonhuman primates. Sci Adv. 2023;9:eadg3277.
Wu R, Gao W, Yao Okay, Ge J. Roles of exosomes derived from immune cells in cardiovascular ailments. Entrance Immunol. 2019;10:648.
Jiang H, Zhou L, Shen N, Ning X, Wu D, Jiang Okay, Huang X. M1 macrophage-derived exosomes and their key molecule lncRNA HOTTIP suppress head and neck squamous cell carcinoma development by upregulating the TLR5/NF-κB pathway. Cell Loss of life Dis. 2022;13:183.
Liu S, Chen J, Shi J, Zhou W, Wang L, Fang W, Zhong Y, Chen X, Chen Y, Sabri A, Liu S. M1-like macrophage-derived exosomes suppress angiogenesis and exacerbate cardiac dysfunction in a myocardial infarction microenvironment. Fundamental Res Cardiol. 2020;115:22.
Sharma N, Akkoyunlu M, Rabin RL. Macrophages-common perpetrator in weight problems and bronchial asthma. Allergy. 2018;73:1196–205.
Du R, Chen S, Han C, He Z, Pei H, Yang Y. M1 intestinal macrophages-derived exosomes promote colitis development and mucosal barrier harm. Getting old (Albany NY). 2024;16:5703–10.
Wang P, Wang H, Huang Q, Peng C, Yao L, Chen H, Qiu Z, Wu Y, Wang L, Chen W. Exosomes from M1-polarized macrophages improve paclitaxel antitumor exercise by activating macrophages-mediated irritation. Theranostics. 2019;9:1714–27.
Campisi J. Senescent cells, tumor suppression, and organismal getting older: good residents, unhealthy neighbors. Cell. 2005;120:513–22.
Coppé JP, Desprez PY, Krtolica A, Campisi J. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype: the darkish aspect of tumor suppression. Annu Rev Pathol. 2010;5:99–118.
Wang F, Cai F, Shi R, Wang XH, Wu XT. Getting old and age associated stresses: a senescence mechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2016;24:398–408.
Lin J, Du J, Wu X, Xu C, Liu J, Jiang L, Cheng X, Ge G, Chen L, Pang Q, et al. SIRT3 mitigates intervertebral disc degeneration by delaying oxidative stress-induced senescence of nucleus pulposus cells. J Cell Physiol. 2021;236:6441–56.
Du J, Xu M, Kong F, Zhu P, Mao Y, Liu Y, Zhou H, Dong Z, Yu Z, Du T, et al. CB2R attenuates intervertebral disc degeneration by delaying nucleus pulposus cell senescence by AMPK/GSK3β pathway. Getting old Dis. 2022;13:552–67.
Yu S, Cheng Y, Li B, Xue J, Yin Y, Gao J, Gong Z, Wang J, Mu Y. M1 macrophages speed up renal glomerular endothelial cell senescence by reactive oxygen species accumulation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;81: 106294.
Yuan D, Zhao Y, Banks WA, Bullock KM, Haney M, Batrakova E, Kabanov AV. Macrophage exosomes as pure nanocarriers for protein supply to infected mind. Biomaterials. 2017;142:1–12.
Zhou YL, Chen G, Bi DC, Chen X. Brief-term scientific efficacy of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy in treating younger sufferers with lumbar disc herniation. J Orthop Surg Res. 2018;13:61.
Hu B, Lv X, Wei L, Wang Y, Zheng G, Yang C, Zang F, Wang J, Li J, Wu X, et al. Sensory nerve maintains intervertebral disc extracellular matrix homeostasis by way of CGRP/CHSY1 axis. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022;9: e2202620.
Guo M, Wang J, Zhao Y, Feng Y, Han S, Dong Q, Cui M, Tieu Okay. Microglial exosomes facilitate α-synuclein transmission in Parkinson’s illness. Mind. 2020;143:1476–97.
Salminen A, Kauppinen A, Kaarniranta Okay. Rising function of NF-κB signaling within the induction of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Cell Sign. 2012;24:835–45.
Wu J, Chen Y, Liao Z, Liu H, Zhang S, Zhong D, Qiu X, Chen T, Su D, Ke X, et al. Self-amplifying loop of NF-κB and periostin initiated by PIEZO1 accelerates mechano-induced senescence of nucleus pulposus cells and intervertebral disc degeneration. Mol Ther. 2022;30:3241–56.
Segar AH, Fairbank JCT, City J. Leptin and the intervertebral disc: a biochemical hyperlink exists between weight problems, intervertebral disc degeneration and low again pain-an in vitro examine in a bovine mannequin. Eur Backbone J. 2019;28:214–23.
Martínez-Lage JF, Fernández Cornejo V, López F, Poza M. Lumbar disc herniation in early childhood: case report and literature overview. Childs Nerv Syst. 2003;19:258–60.
Priyadarshani P, Li Y, Yao L. Advances in organic remedy for nucleus pulposus regeneration. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2016;24:206–12.
Wang Y, Che M, Xin J, Zheng Z, Li J, Zhang S. The function of IL-1β and TNF-α in intervertebral disc degeneration. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;131: 110660.
Molinos M, Almeida CR, Caldeira J, Cunha C, Gonçalves RM, Barbosa MA. Irritation in intervertebral disc degeneration and regeneration. J R Soc Interface. 2015;12:20150429.
Ma Z, Tang P, Dong W, Lu Y, Tan B, Zhou N, Hao J, Shen J, Hu Z. SIRT1 alleviates IL-1β induced nucleus pulposus cells pyroptosis by way of mitophagy in intervertebral disc degeneration. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022;107: 108671.
Rose-John S. Interleukin-6 household cytokines. Chilly Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2018;10: a028415.
Wang SS, Zhang W, Zhang YQ, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Li JK, Zhang HX, Cheng L, Nie L. IL-17A enhances ADAMTS-7 expression by regulation of TNF-α in human nucleus pulposus cells. J Mol Histol. 2015;46:475–83.
Solar Y, Li J, Xie X, Gu F, Sui Z, Zhang Okay, Yu T. Macrophage-osteoclast associations: origin, polarization, and subgroups. Entrance Immunol. 2021;12: 778078.
Liu YC, Zou XB, Chai YF, Yao YM. Macrophage polarization in inflammatory ailments. Int J Biol Sci. 2014;10:520–9.
Tu J, Li W, Yang S, Yang P, Yan Q, Wang S, Lai Okay, Bai X, Wu C, Ding W, et al. Single-cell transcriptome profiling reveals multicellular ecosystem of nucleus pulposus throughout degeneration development. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022;9: e2103631.
Li W, Zhao Y, Wang Y, He Z, Zhang L, Yuan B, Li C, Luo Z, Gao B, Yan M. Deciphering the sequential modifications of monocytes/macrophages within the development of IDD with longitudinal method utilizing single-cell transcriptome. Entrance Immunol. 2023;14:1090637.
Schreiber A, Rousselle A, Klocke J, Bachmann S, Popovic S, Bontscho J, Schmidt-Ott KM, Siffrin V, Jerke U, Ashraf MI, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin protects from ANCA-induced GN by inhibiting T(H)17 immunity. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31:1569–84.
Francisco V, Ait Eldjoudi D, González-Rodríguez M, Ruiz-Fernández C, Cordero-Barreal A, Marques P, Sanz MJ, Actual JT, Lago F, Pino J, et al. Metabolomic signature and molecular profile of regular and degenerated human intervertebral disc cells. Backbone J. 2023;23:1549–62.
Gupta Okay, Shukla M, Cowland JB, Malemud CJ, Haqqi TM. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is expressed in osteoarthritis and types a fancy with matrix metalloproteinase 9. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:3326–35.
Kao TH, Peng YJ, Salter DM, Lee HS. Nerve development issue will increase MMP9 exercise in annulus fibrosus cells by upregulating lipocalin 2 expression. Eur Backbone J. 2015;24:1959–68.
Gupta U, Ghosh S, Wallace CT, Shang P, Xin Y, Nair AP, Yazdankhah M, Strizhakova A, Ross MA, Liu H, et al. Elevated LCN2 (lipocalin 2) within the RPE decreases autophagy and prompts inflammasome-ferroptosis processes in a mouse mannequin of dry AMD. Autophagy. 2023;19:92–111.
Xia Y, Ge G, Xiao H, Wu M, Wang T, Gu C, Yang H, Geng D. REPIN1 regulates iron metabolism and osteoblast apoptosis in osteoporosis. Cell Loss of life Dis. 2023;14:631.
Jiang SY, Tian T, Yao H, Xia XM, Wang C, Cao L, Hu G, Du RH, Lu M. The cGAS-STING-YY1 axis accelerates development of neurodegeneration in a mouse mannequin of Parkinson’s illness by way of LCN2-dependent astrocyte senescence. Cell Loss of life Differ. 2023;30:2280–92.
Bassères DS, Baldwin AS. Nuclear factor-kappaB and inhibitor of kappaB kinase pathways in oncogenic initiation and development. Oncogene. 2006;25:6817–30.
Zhongyi S, Sai Z, Chao L, Jiwei T. Results of nuclear issue kappa B signaling pathway in human intervertebral disc degeneration. Backbone(Phila Pa 1976). 2015;40:224–32.
Li P, Gan Y, Xu Y, Wang L, Ouyang B, Zhang C, Luo L, Zhao C, Zhou Q. 17beta-estradiol attenuates TNF-α-induced untimely senescence of nucleus pulposus cells by regulating the ROS/NF-κB pathway. Int J Biol Sci. 2017;13:145–56.
Feng M, Feng J, Chen W, Wang W, Wu X, Zhang J, Xu F, Lai M. Lipocalin2 suppresses metastasis of colorectal most cancers by attenuating NF-κB-dependent activation of snail and epithelial mesenchymal transition. Mol Most cancers. 2016;15:77.
Huang Z, Zhang Y, Li H, Zhou Y, Zhang Q, Chen R, Jin T, Hu Okay, Li S, Wang Y, et al. Vitamin D promotes the cisplatin sensitivity of oral squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting LCN2-modulated NF-κB pathway activation by RPS3. Cell Loss of life Dis. 2019;10:936.
Kamali A, Ziadlou R, Lang G, Pfannkuche J, Cui S, Li Z, Richards RG, Alini M, Grad S. Small molecule-based remedy approaches for intervertebral disc degeneration: present choices and future instructions. Theranostics. 2021;11:27–47.
Bermudez-Lekerika P, Crump KB, Tseranidou S, Nüesch A, Kanelis E, Alminnawi A, Baumgartner L, Muñoz-Moya E, Compte R, Gualdi F, et al. Immuno-modulatory results of intervertebral disc cells. Entrance Cell Dev Biol. 2022;10: 924692.
Sousa-Valente J, Mind SD. A historic perspective on the function of sensory nerves in neurogenic irritation. Semin Immunopathol. 2018;40:229–36.
Kalluri R, LeBleu VS. The biology, perform, and biomedical purposes of exosomes. Science. 2020;367:eaau6977.
Lee YH, Park HK, Auh QS, Nah H, Lee JS, Moon HJ, Heo DN, Kim IS, Kwon IK. Rising potential of exosomes in regenerative drugs for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:1541.
Noonin C, Thongboonkerd V. Exosome-inflammasome crosstalk and their roles in inflammatory responses. Theranostics. 2021;11:4436–51.
Lai J, Pan Q, Chen G, Liu Y, Chen C, Pan Y, Liu L, Zeng B, Yu L, Xu Y, et al. Triple hybrid mobile nanovesicles promote cardiac restore after ischemic reperfusion. ACS Nano. 2024;18:4443–55.
Tan D, Zhu W, Liu L, Pan Y, Xu Y, Huang Q, Li L, Rao L. In situ shaped scaffold with royal jelly-derived extracellular vesicles for wound therapeutic. Theranostics. 2023;13:2811–24.
Liao Z, Luo R, Li G, Tune Y, Zhan S, Zhao Okay, Hua W, Zhang Y, Wu X, Yang C. Exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells modulate endoplasmic reticulum stress to guard in opposition to nucleus pulposus cell loss of life and ameliorate intervertebral disc degeneration in vivo. Theranostics. 2019;9:4084–100.
Luo L, Jian X, Solar H, Qin J, Wang Y, Zhang J, Shen Z, Yang D, Li C, Zhao P, et al. Cartilage endplate stem cells inhibit intervertebral disc degeneration by releasing exosomes to nucleus pulposus cells to activate Akt/autophagy. Stem Cells. 2021;39:467–81.
