Zhang H, Wang Y, Qiao W, Hu X, Qiang H, Xia Okay, et al. An injectable multifunctional nanocomposite hydrogel promotes vascularized bone regeneration by regulating macrophages. J Nanobiotechnol. 2025;23:283.
Graney PL, Ben-Shaul S, Landau S, Bajpai A, Singh B, Keen J, et al. Macrophages of various phenotypes drive vascularization of engineered tissues. Sci Adv. 2020;6: eaay6391.
Zhou P, Xia D, Ni Z, Ou T, Wang YK, Zhang H, et al. Calcium silicate bioactive ceramics induce osteogenesis by way of oncostatin M. Bioact Mater. 2021;6:810–22.
Tu Z, Chen M, Wang M, Shao Z, Jiang X, Wang Okay, et al. Engineering bioactive M2 macrophage-polarized anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial scaffolds for speedy angiogenesis and diabetic wound restore. Adv Funct Mater. 2021;31:2100924.
Liu Y, Cao L, Zhang S, Ji L, Wang J, Liu C. Impact of hierarchical porous scaffold on osteoimmunomodulation and bone formation. Appl Mater In the present day. 2020;20:100779.
Zou M, Solar J, Xiang Z. Induction of M2-type macrophage differentiation for bone defect restore by way of an interpenetration community hydrogel with a GO-based managed launch system. Adv Healthc Mater. 2021;10:2001502.
Miao Q, Yang X, Diao J, Ding H, Wu Y, Ren X, et al. 3D printed strontium-doped calcium phosphate ceramic scaffold enhances early angiogenesis and promotes bone restore by way of the regulation of macrophage polarization. Mater In the present day Bio. 2023;23: 100871.
Saygili E, Saglam-Metiner P, Cakmak B, Alarcin E, Beceren G, Tulum P, et al. Bilayered laponite/alginate-poly(acrylamide) composite hydrogel for osteochondral accidents enhances macrophage polarization: an in vivo examine. Biomater Adv. 2022;134: 112721.
Cui Y, Hong S, Xia Y, Li X, He X, Hu X, et al. Melatonin engineering M2 macrophage-derived exosomes mediate endoplasmic reticulum stress and immune reprogramming for periodontitis remedy. Adv Sci. 2023;10: 2302029.
Ho CC, Chen YW, Wang Okay, Lin YH, Chen TC, Shie MY. Impact of mussel-inspired polydopamine on the bolstered properties of 3D printed β-tricalcium phosphate/polycaprolactone scaffolds for bone regeneration. J Mater Chem B. 2023;11:72–82.
Lin YH, Lee KX, Ho CC, Fang MJ, Kuo TY, Shie MY. The results of a 3D-printed magnesium-/strontium-doped calcium silicate scaffold on regulation of bone regeneration by way of dual-stimulation of the AKT and WNT signaling pathways. Biomater Adv. 2022;135: 112660.
Lee JJ, Ng HY, Lin YH, Liu EW, Lin TJ, Chiu HT, et al. The 3D printed conductive grooved topography hydrogel mixed with electrical stimulation for synergistically enhancing wound therapeutic of dermal fibroblast cells. Biomaterials Advances. 2022;142: 213132.
Chen L, Deng C, Li J, Yao Q, Chang J, Wang L, et al. 3D printing of a lithium-calcium-silicate crystal bioscaffold with twin bioactivities for osteochondral interface reconstruction. Biomaterials. 2019;196:138–50.
Bunpetch V, Zhang X, Li T, Lin J, Maswikiti EP, Wu Y, et al. Silicate-based bioceramic scaffolds for dual-lineage regeneration of osteochondral defect. Biomaterials. 2019;192:323–33.
Wang CY, Chen CY, Chen KH, Lin YH, Yeh TP, Lee AKX, et al. The synergistic results of strontium/magnesium-doped calcium silicate cement accelerates early angiogenesis and bone regeneration by way of double bioactive ion stimulation. Ceram Int. 2024;50:7121–31.
Lin YH, Chen CY, Chen KH, Kuo TY, Lin TL, Shie MY. Lithium-doped calcium silicate cement regulates the immune microenvironment and promotes M2 macrophage polarization for enhancing bone regeneration. J Biol Eng. 2025;19:3.
Salam N, Gibson IR. Lithium ion doped carbonated hydroxyapatite compositions: synthesis, physicochemical characterisation and impact on osteogenic response in vitro. Biomater Adv. 2022;140:213068.
He F, Yuan X, Lu T, Wang Y, Feng S, Shi X, et al. Preparation and characterization of novel lithium magnesium phosphate bioceramic scaffolds facilitating bone era. J Mater Chem B. 2022;10:4040–7.
Xu C, Li W, Mao J, Liu Z, Lao A, Mao L, et al. Utilizing chondroitin sulfate lithium hydrogel for diabetic bone regeneration by way of regulation of macrophage polarization. Carbohydr Polym. 2025;347: 122787.
Chen C, Wang B, Zhao X, Luo Y, Fu L, Qi X, et al. Lithium promotes osteogenesis by way of Rab11a-facilitated exosomal Wnt10a secretion and βcatenin signaling activation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2024;16:30793–809.
Luo Y, Yang Z, Zhao X, Li D, Li Q, Wei Y, et al. Immune regulation enhances osteogenesis and angiogenesis utilizing an injectable thiolated hyaluronic acid hydrogel with lithium-doped nano-hydroxyapatite (Li-nHA) supply for osteonecrosis. Mater In the present day Bio. 2024;25: 100976.
Zhai D, Chen L, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Xiao Y, Wu C. Lithium silicate-based bioceramics selling chondrocyte maturation by immunomodulating M2 macrophage polarization. Biomater Sci. 2020;8:4521–34.
Gui H, Wang W, Xue Y, Zhao W, Wang M, Shi L, et al. Extracellular vesicles as nanomaterial carriers: endowing superior concentrating on functionality and biosafety. Coord Chem Rev. 2025;541: 216784.
Tang Z, Lu Y, Zhang S, Wang J, Wang Q, Xiao Y, et al. Chondrocyte secretome enriched microparticles encapsulated with the chondrocyte membrane to facilitate the chondrogenesis of BMSCs and scale back hypertrophy. J Mater Chem B. 2021;9:9989–10002.
Chen YS, Lee JJ, Lin YH, Lin YJ, Yu MH, Chen CY, et al. Results of magnetic fields-stimulated 3D-Schwann cell-secreted extracellular vesicles regulate differentiation of neural stem cells and nerve regeneration. Mater Des. 2025;255: 114204.
Yang S, Solar Y, Yan C. Current advances in the usage of extracellular vesicles from adipose-derived stem cells for regenerative medical therapeutics. J Nanobiotechnol. 2024;22:316.
Liu Z, Guo S, Dong L, Wu P, Li Okay, Li X, et al. A tannic acid doped hydrogel with small extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells promotes spinal wire restore by regulating reactive oxygen species microenvironment. Mater In the present day Bio. 2022;16: 100425.
Cheng Y, Dong X, Shi J, Wu G, Tao P, Ren N, et al. Immunomodulation with M2 macrophage–derived extracellular vesicles for enhanced titanium implant osseointegration underneath diabetic circumstances. Mater In the present day Bio. 2025;30: 101385.
Zhang C, Li D, Hu H, Wang Z, An J, Gao Z, et al. Engineered extracellular vesicles derived from major M2 macrophages with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties for the remedy of spinal wire damage. J Nanobiotechnol. 2021;19:373.
Zeng J, Solar Z, Zeng F, Gu C, Chen X. M2 macrophage-derived exosome-encapsulated microneedles with gentle photothermal remedy for accelerated diabetic wound therapeutic. Mater In the present day Bio. 2023;20: 100649.
Wu G, Zhang J, Zhao Q, Zhuang W, Ding J, Zhang C, et al. Molecularly engineered macrophage-derived exosomes with irritation tropism and intrinsic heme biosynthesis for atherosclerosis remedy. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2020;59:4068–74.
Kim H, Again JH, Han G, Lee SJ, Park YE, Gu MB, et al. Extracellular vesicle-guided in situ reprogramming of synovial macrophages for the remedy of rheumatoid arthritis. Biomaterials. 2022;286:121578.
Liu Q, Ma T, Zhang Z, Nan J, Liu G, Yang Y, et al. Fused extracellular vesicles from M2 macrophages and human umbilical wire mesenchymal stem cells for the focused regulation of macrophage pyroptosis in periprosthetic osteolysis. J Extracell Vesicles. 2024;13: e70028.
Guduric-Fuchs J, O’Connor A, Camp B, O’Neill CL, Medina RJ, Simpson DA. Selective extracellular vesicle-mediated export of an overlapping set of MicroRNAs from a number of cell varieties. BMC Genom. 2012;13:357.
Xie Y, Chai M, Xing Y, Zhou P, Wei P, Hua H. MiRNA let-7f-5p-encapsulated labial gland MSC-derived EVs ameliorate experimental sjögren’s syndrome by suppressing Th17 cells by way of concentrating on RORC/IL-17A signaling axis. J Nanobiotechnol. 2025;23:228.
Poupardin R, Wolf M, Maeding N, Paniushkina L, Geissler S, Bergese P, et al. Advances in extracellular vesicle analysis over the previous decade: supply and isolation methodology are related with cargo and performance. Adv Healthc Mater. 2024;13:e2303941.
Lin YH, Chen Y, Liu EW, Chen MC, Yu MH, Chen CY, et al. Immunomodulation results of collagen hydrogel encapsulating extracellular vesicles derived from calcium silicate stimulated-adipose mesenchymal stem cells for diabetic therapeutic. J Nanobiotechnol. 2025;23:45.
Chen YW, Lin YH, Ho CC, Chen CY, Yu MH, Lee AKX, et al. Excessive-yield extracellular vesicle manufacturing from HEK293T cells encapsulated in 3D auxetic scaffolds with cyclic mechanical stimulation for efficient drug service methods. Biofabrication. 2024;16:045035.
Chen YS, Ng HY, Chen YW, Cho DY, Ho CC, Chen CY, et al. Additive manufacturing of Schwann cell-laden collagen/alginate nerve steering conduits by freeform reversible embedding regulate neurogenesis by way of exosomes secretion in direction of peripheral nerve regeneration. Biomaterials Advances. 2023;146: 213276.
Lin TL, Lin YH, Lee AKX, Kuo TY, Chen CY, Chen KH, et al. The exosomal secretomes of mesenchymal stem cells extracted by way of 3D-printed lithium-doped calcium silicate scaffolds promote osteochondral regeneration. Mater In the present day Bio. 2023;22: 100728.
Zhang F, Zhou M, Gu W, Shen Z, Ma X, Lu F, et al. Zinc-/copper-substituted dicalcium silicate cement: superior biomaterials with enhanced osteogenesis and long-term antibacterial properties. J Mater Chem B. 2020;8:1060–70.
Liu Q, Wei F, Coathup M, Shen W, Wu D. Impact of porosity and pore form on the mechanical and organic properties of additively manufactured bone scaffolds. Adv Healthc Mater. 2023;12:e2301111.
Keaveny TM, Hayes WC. A 20-year perspective on the mechanical properties of trabecular bone. J Biomech Eng. 1993;115:534–42.
Kokubo T, Takadama H. How helpful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone bioactivity? Biomaterials. 2006;27:2907–15.
Shie MY, Ding SJ, Chang HC. The position of silicon in osteoblast-like cell proliferation and apoptosis. Acta Biomater. 2011;7:2604–14.
Liu L, Yu F, Chen L, Xia L, Wu C, Fang B. Lithium-containing biomaterials stimulate cartilage restore by way of bone marrow stromal cells‐derived Exosomal miR‐455‐3p and histone H3 acetylation. Adv Healthc Mater. 2023;12:2202390.
Takayanagi H. Osteoimmunology: shared mechanisms and crosstalk between the immune and bone methods. Nat Rev Immunol. 2007;7:292–304.
Murray PJ, Allen JE, Biswas SK, Fisher EA, Gilroy DW, Goerdt S, et al. Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental pointers. Immunity. 2014;41:14–20.
Li D, Yang Z, Zhao X, Luo Y, Zhou W, Xu J, et al. Osteoimmunomodulatory injectable lithium-heparin hydrogel with microspheres/TGF-β1 supply promotes M2 macrophage polarization and osteogenesis for guided bone regeneration. Chem Eng J. 2022;435:134991.
Xu Okay, Wu Okay, Chen L, Zhao Y, Li H, Lin N, et al. Selective promotion of sensory innervation–mediated immunoregulation for tissue restore. Sci Adv. 2025;11: eads9581.
Liu A, Jin S, Fu C, Cui S, Zhang T, Zhu L, et al. Macrophage-derived small extracellular vesicles promote biomimetic mineralized collagen-mediated endogenous bone regeneration. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12:33.
Hau Okay-L, Ranzoni AM, Vlahova F, Hawkins Okay, Coppi PD, David AL, et al. TGFβ-induced osteogenic potential of human amniotic fluid stem cells by way of CD73-generated adenosine manufacturing. Sci Rep. 2017;7:6601.
Batlle R, Andrés E, Gonzalez L, Llonch E, Igea A, Gutierrez-Prat N, et al. Regulation of tumor angiogenesis and mesenchymal–endothelial transition by p38α by way of TGF-β and JNK signaling. Nat Commun. 2019;10:3071.
Henrich D, Seebach C, Verboket R, Schaible A, Marz I, Bonig H. The osteo-inductive exercise of bone-marrow-derived mononuclear cells resides inside the CD14 + inhabitants and is unbiased of the CD34 + inhabitants. Eur Cells Mater. 2018;35:165–77.
Nassiri F, Cusimano MD, Scheithauer BW, Rotondo F, Fazio A, Yousef GM, et al. Endoglin (CD105): a evaluate of its position in angiogenesis and tumor prognosis, development and remedy. Anticancer Res. 2011;31:2283–90.
Luo Z, Qi B, Solar Y, Chen Y, Lin J, Qin H, et al. Engineering bioactive M2 macrophage-polarized, anti‐inflammatory, miRNA‐based mostly liposomes for useful muscle restore: from Exosomal mechanisms to biomaterials. Small. 2022;18:e2201957.
Qiu X, Liu J, Zheng C, Su Y, Bao L, Zhu B, et al. Exosomes launched from educated mesenchymal stem cells speed up cutaneous wound therapeutic by way of selling angiogenesis. Cell Prolif. 2020;53: e12830.
Wang Y, Wang L, Chen C, Chu X. New insights into the regulatory position of microRNA in tumor angiogenesis and medical implications. Mol Most cancers. 2018;17:22.
Dutta SD, An JM, Hexiu J, Randhawa A, Ganguly Okay, Patil TV, et al. 3D bioprinting of engineered exosomes secreted from M2-polarized macrophages by way of immunomodulatory biomaterial promotes in vivo wound therapeutic and angiogenesis. Bioact Mater. 2025;45:345–62.
Scioli MG, Storti G, Bielli A, Sanchez M, Scimeca M, Gimble JM, et al. CD146 expression regulates osteochondrogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells. J Cell Physiol. 2022;237:589–602.
Burger MG, Grosso A, Briquez PS, Born GME, Lunger A, Schrenk F, et al. Strong coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis by VEGF-decorated matrices for bone regeneration. Acta Biomater. 2022;149:111–25.
Li G, Wu J, Cheng X, Pei X, Wang J, Xie W. Nanoparticle-mediated gene supply for bone tissue engineering. Small. 2025;21:e2408350.
Hsu SH, Wang B, Kota J, Yu J, Costinean S, Kutay H, et al. Important metabolic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumorigenic capabilities of miR-122 in liver. J Clin Make investments. 2012;122:2871–83.
Jiang Z, Zhang J. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes containing miR-145-5p scale back irritation in spinal wire damage by regulating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Cell Cycle. 2021;20:993–1009.
Liu L, Liu Y, Feng C, Chang J, Fu R, Wu T, et al. Lithium-containing biomaterials stimulate bone marrow stromal cell-derived exosomal miR-130a secretion to advertise angiogenesis. Biomaterials. 2019;192:523–36.
Lin J, Teo S, Lam DH, Jeyaseelan Okay, Wang S. Microrna-10b pleiotropically regulates invasion, angiogenicity and apoptosis of tumor cells resembling mesenchymal subtype of glioblastoma multiforme. Cell Dying Dis. 2012;3:e398-398.
Wang Y-H, Li S-Y, Yuan S-J, Pan Y-X, Hua Y, Liu J-Y. MiR-375 promotes human periodontal ligament stem cells proliferation and osteogenic differentiation by concentrating on transducer of ERBB2, 2. Arch Oral Biol. 2020;117: 104818.
Li J, Hu C, Han L, Liu L, Jing W, Tang W, et al. MiR-154-5p regulates osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells underneath tensile stress by way of the wnt/pcp pathway by concentrating on Wnt11. Bone. 2015;78:130–41.
Hilage P, Birajdar A, Marsale T, Patil D, Patil AM, Telang G, et al. Characterization and angiogenic potential of CD146 + endometrial stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024;15:330.
Wang X, Yang Y, Li W, Hao M, Xu Y. Umbilical mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote spinal wire useful restoration by way of the miR-146b/TLR4 -mediated NF-κB p65 signaling pathway in rats. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2023;35: 101497.
Hu Okay, Xiang L, Chen J, Qu H, Wan Y, Xiang D. PLGA-liposome electrospun fiber supply of miR-145 and PDGF-BB synergistically promoted wound therapeutic. Chem Eng J. 2021;422: 129951.
Yu FY, Xie CQ, Solar JT, Peng W, Huang XW. Overexpressed miR-145 inhibits osteoclastogenesis in RANKL-induced bone marrow-derived macrophages and ovariectomized mice by regulation of Smad3. Life Sci. 2018;202:11–20.
Wang W, Wei J, Lei D, Wang S, Zhang B, Shang S, et al. 3D printing of lithium osteogenic bioactive composite scaffold for enhanced bone regeneration. Compos Half B Eng. 2023;256:110641.
Yang C, Wang W, Zhu Okay, Liu W, Luo Y, Yuan X, et al. Lithium chloride with immunomodulatory operate for regulating titanium nanoparticle-stimulated inflammatory response and accelerating osteogenesis by way of suppression of MAPK signaling pathway. Int J Nanomedicine. 2019;14:7475–88.