A crowd gathered on the MIT Media Lab in September for a live performance by musician Jordan Rudess and two collaborators. Certainly one of them, violinist and vocalist Camilla Bäckman, has carried out with Rudess earlier than. The opposite — a synthetic intelligence mannequin informally dubbed the jam_bot, which Rudess developed with an MIT staff over the previous a number of months — was making its public debut as a piece in progress.
All through the present, Rudess and Bäckman exchanged the indicators and smiles of skilled musicians discovering a groove collectively. Rudess’ interactions with the jam_bot recommended a special and unfamiliar form of change. Throughout one duet impressed by Bach, Rudess alternated between enjoying a number of measures and permitting the AI to proceed the music in an identical baroque type. Every time the mannequin took its flip, a variety of expressions moved throughout Rudess’ face: bemusement, focus, curiosity. On the finish of the piece, Rudess admitted to the viewers, “That may be a mixture of a complete lot of enjoyable and actually, actually difficult.”
Rudess is an acclaimed keyboardist — the very best of all time, in accordance with one Music Radar journal ballot — identified for his work with the platinum-selling, Grammy-winning progressive metallic band Dream Theater, which embarks this fall on a fortieth anniversary tour. He’s additionally a solo artist whose newest album, “Permission to Fly,” was launched on Sept. 6; an educator who shares his abilities by way of detailed on-line tutorials; and the founding father of software program firm Wizdom Music. His work combines a rigorous classical basis (he started his piano research at The Juilliard College at age 9) with a genius for improvisation and an urge for food for experimentation.
Final spring, Rudess turned a visiting artist with the MIT Middle for Artwork, Science and Know-how (CAST), collaborating with the MIT Media Lab’s Responsive Environments analysis group on the creation of recent AI-powered music expertise. Rudess’ most important collaborators within the enterprise are Media Lab graduate college students Lancelot Blanchard, who researches musical purposes of generative AI (knowledgeable by his personal research in classical piano), and Perry Naseck, an artist and engineer specializing in interactive, kinetic, light- and time-based media. Overseeing the mission is Professor Joseph Paradiso, head of the Responsive Environments group and a longtime Rudess fan. Paradiso arrived on the Media Lab in 1994 with a CV in physics and engineering and a sideline designing and constructing synthesizers to discover his avant-garde musical tastes. His group has a practice of investigating musical frontiers by way of novel person interfaces, sensor networks, and unconventional datasets.
The researchers got down to develop a machine studying mannequin channeling Rudess’ distinctive musical type and approach. In a paper printed on-line by MIT Press in September, co-authored with MIT music expertise professor Eran Egozy, they articulate their imaginative and prescient for what they name “symbiotic virtuosity:” for human and laptop to duet in real-time, studying from every duet they carry out collectively, and making performance-worthy new music in entrance of a dwell viewers.
Rudess contributed the info on which Blanchard educated the AI mannequin. Rudess additionally offered steady testing and suggestions, whereas Naseck experimented with methods of visualizing the expertise for the viewers.
“Audiences are used to seeing lighting, graphics, and scenic parts at many concert events, so we wanted a platform to permit the AI to construct its personal relationship with the viewers,” Naseck says. In early demos, this took the type of a sculptural set up with illumination that shifted every time the AI modified chords. Throughout the live performance on Sept. 21, a grid of petal-shaped panels mounted behind Rudess got here to life by way of choreography primarily based on the exercise and future era of the AI mannequin.
“If you happen to see jazz musicians make eye contact and nod at one another, that offers anticipation to the viewers of what’s going to occur,” says Naseck. “The AI is successfully producing sheet music after which enjoying it. How can we present what’s coming subsequent and talk that?”
Naseck designed and programmed the construction from scratch on the Media Lab with help from Brian Mayton (mechanical design) and Carlo Mandolini (fabrication), drawing a few of its actions from an experimental machine studying mannequin developed by visiting scholar Madhav Lavakare that maps music to factors shifting in house. With the power to spin and tilt its petals at speeds starting from refined to dramatic, the kinetic sculpture distinguished the AI’s contributions in the course of the live performance from these of the human performers, whereas conveying the emotion and power of its output: swaying gently when Rudess took the lead, for instance, or furling and unfurling like a blossom because the AI mannequin generated stately chords for an improvised adagio. The latter was one among Naseck’s favourite moments of the present.
“On the finish, Jordan and Camilla left the stage and allowed the AI to totally discover its personal route,” he recollects. “The sculpture made this second very highly effective — it allowed the stage to stay animated and intensified the grandiose nature of the chords the AI performed. The viewers was clearly captivated by this half, sitting on the edges of their seats.”
“The purpose is to create a musical visible expertise,” says Rudess, “to point out what’s potential and to up the sport.”
Musical futures
As the start line for his mannequin, Blanchard used a music transformer, an open-source neural community structure developed by MIT Assistant Professor Anna Huang SM ’08, who joined the MIT college in September.
“Music transformers work in an identical method as massive language fashions,” Blanchard explains. “The identical method that ChatGPT would generate essentially the most possible subsequent phrase, the mannequin now we have would predict essentially the most possible subsequent notes.”
Blanchard fine-tuned the mannequin utilizing Rudess’ personal enjoying of parts from bass strains to chords to melodies, variations of which Rudess recorded in his New York studio. Alongside the way in which, Blanchard ensured the AI can be nimble sufficient to reply in real-time to Rudess’ improvisations.
“We reframed the mission,” says Blanchard, “when it comes to musical futures that have been hypothesized by the mannequin and that have been solely being realized for the time being primarily based on what Jordan was deciding.”
As Rudess places it: “How can the AI reply — how can I’ve a dialogue with it? That’s the cutting-edge a part of what we’re doing.”
One other precedence emerged: “Within the area of generative AI and music, you hear about startups like Suno or Udio which can be in a position to generate music primarily based on textual content prompts. These are very fascinating, however they lack controllability,” says Blanchard. “It was vital for Jordan to have the ability to anticipate what was going to occur. If he might see the AI was going to decide he didn’t need, he might restart the era or have a kill change in order that he can take management once more.”
Along with giving Rudess a display previewing the musical choices of the mannequin, Blanchard constructed in several modalities the musician might activate as he performs — prompting the AI to generate chords or lead melodies, for instance, or initiating a call-and-response sample.
“Jordan is the mastermind of every part that’s taking place,” he says.
What would Jordan do
Although the residency has wrapped up, the collaborators see many paths for persevering with the analysis. For instance, Naseck wish to experiment with extra methods Rudess might work together immediately along with his set up, by way of options like capacitive sensing. “We hope sooner or later we’ll be capable of work with extra of his refined motions and posture,” Naseck says.
Whereas the MIT collaboration targeted on how Rudess can use the instrument to enhance his personal performances, it’s straightforward to think about different purposes. Paradiso recollects an early encounter with the tech: “I performed a chord sequence, and Jordan’s mannequin was producing the leads. It was like having a musical ‘bee’ of Jordan Rudess buzzing across the melodic basis I used to be laying down, doing one thing like Jordan would do, however topic to the easy development I used to be enjoying,” he recollects, his face echoing the delight he felt on the time. “You are going to see AI plugins in your favourite musician that you may carry into your individual compositions, with some knobs that allow you to management the particulars,” he posits. “It’s that form of world we’re opening up with this.”
Rudess can also be eager to discover academic makes use of. As a result of the samples he recorded to coach the mannequin have been just like ear-training workout routines he’s used with college students, he thinks the mannequin itself might sometime be used for instructing. “This work has legs past simply leisure worth,” he says.
The foray into synthetic intelligence is a pure development for Rudess’ curiosity in music expertise. “This is the subsequent step,” he believes. When he discusses the work with fellow musicians, nevertheless, his enthusiasm for AI usually meets with resistance. “I can have sympathy or compassion for a musician who feels threatened, I completely get that,” he permits. “However my mission is to be one of many individuals who strikes this expertise towards constructive issues.”
“On the Media Lab, it’s so vital to consider how AI and people come collectively for the advantage of all,” says Paradiso. “How is AI going to raise us all up? Ideally it should do what so many applied sciences have carried out — carry us into one other vista the place we’re extra enabled.”
“Jordan is forward of the pack,” Paradiso provides. “As soon as it’s established with him, folks will comply with.”
Jamming with MIT
The Media Lab first landed on Rudess’ radar earlier than his residency as a result of he needed to check out the Knitted Keyboard created by one other member of Responsive Environments, textile researcher Irmandy Wickasono PhD ’24. From that second on, “It has been a discovery for me, studying concerning the cool issues which can be happening at MIT within the music world,” Rudess says.
Throughout two visits to Cambridge final spring (assisted by his spouse, theater and music producer Danielle Rudess), Rudess reviewed ultimate tasks in Paradiso’s course on digital music controllers, the syllabus for which included movies of his personal previous performances. He introduced a brand new gesture-driven synthesizer referred to as Osmose to a category on interactive music methods taught by Egozy, whose credit embody the co-creation of the online game “Guitar Hero.” Rudess additionally offered tips about improvisation to a composition class; performed GeoShred, a touchscreen musical instrument he co-created with Stanford College researchers, with scholar musicians within the MIT Laptop computer Ensemble and Arts Students program; and skilled immersive audio within the MIT Spatial Sound Lab. Throughout his most up-to-date journey to campus in September, he taught a masterclass for pianists in MIT’s Emerson/Harris Program, which gives a complete of 67 students and fellows with assist for conservatory-level musical instruction.
“I get a form of rush each time I come to the college,” Rudess says. “I really feel the sense that, wow, all of my musical concepts and inspiration and pursuits have come collectively on this actually cool method.”